Monday, September 7, 2009

HTML special character reference

Sometimes you face problems while entering symbols in you HTML browser. For example you entered © symbol in your browser but it displayed as ? in the browser. The reason is you may not be able to enter certain symbols or characters into your web page using a single key or character.

To enter such a special characters or symbols you need to use 4 characters using the associated "numeric character reference" code or the "character entity reference" code.

However you browser may not support all the character reference.

Numeric character reference : It is the numeric representation of a given character. To use the numeric character reference in your HTML code, use the following format:
&#Numeric character reference;

For example, to display the © symbol using the numeric character reference, enter:

©

Character entity reference : It is the standard name of a given character. To use the character entity reference in your HTML code, use the following format instead:
&Character entity reference;

For example, to display the © symbol using the character entity reference:

©

Following lists contain both Character entity reference as well as Numeric character reference :













































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Punctuation HTML Entity
(case sensitive)
ISO Latin-1 code name or meaning
   
en space
   
em space
‚ ‚
single low-9 quotation mark
„ „
double low-9 quotation mark
† †
dagger
‡ ‡
double dagger
‰ ‰
per mille sign
• •
bullet = black small circle
… …
horizontal ellipsis = three dot leader
′ ′
prime = minutes = feet
– –
en dash
— —
em dash
¡ ¡ ¡ inverted exclamation
¿ ¿ ¿ inverted question mark
" " " quotation mark
“ “ left double curly quote
” ” right double curly quote
‘ ‘ left single curly quote
’ ’ right single curly quote
«
»
«

»
«

»
guillemets (European-style quotation marks)

(Its
there, but you can't see it!)
    non-breaking space
Symbols
& & & ampersand
¢ ¢ ¢ cent
© © © copyright
× × × multiplication
÷ ÷ ÷ divide
> > > greater than
< &lt; &#60; less than
µ &micro; &#181; micron
· &middot; &#183; middle dot
&para; &#182; pilcrow (paragraph sign)
± &plusmn; &#177; plus/minus
&euro; &#8364; Euro
£ &pound; &#163; British Pound Sterling
® &reg; &#174; registered
§ &sect; &#167; section
&trade; &#153; trademark
¤ &curren; &#164; currency
¥ &yen; &#165; Japanese Yen
¦ &brvbar; &#166; broken vertical bar
¨ &uml; &#168; spacing diaeresis
ª &ordf; &#170; feminine ordinal indicator
¬ &not; &#172; negation
­ &shy; &#173; soft hyphen
¯ &macr; &#175; spacing macron
° &deg; &#176; degree
² &sup2; &#178; superscript 2
³ &sup3; &#179; superscript 3
¸ &cedil; &#184; spacing cedilla
¹ &sup1; &#185; superscript 1
º &ordm; &#186; masculine ordinal indicator
¼ &frac14; &#188; fraction 1/4
½ &frac12; &#189; fraction 1/2
¾ &frac34; &#190; fraction 3/4
Diacritics
á

Á
&aacute;

&Aacute;
&#225;

&#193;
lower-case "a" with acute accent


upper-case "A" with acute accent
à

À
&agrave;

&Agrave;
&#224;

&#192;
lower-case "a" with grave accent


upper-case "A" with grave accent
â

Â
&acirc;

&Acirc;
&#226;

&#194;
lower-case "a" with circumflex


upper-case "A" with circumflex
å

Å
&aring;

&Aring;
&#229;

&#197;
lower-case "a" with ring


upper-case "A" with ring
ã

Ã
&atilde;

&Atilde;
&#227;

&#195;
lower-case "a" with tilde


upper-case "A" with tilde
ä
Ä
&auml;

&Auml;
&#228;

&#196;
lower-case "a" with diaeresis/umlaut


upper-case "A" with diaeresis/umlaut
æ

Æ
&aelig;

&AElig;
&#230;

&#198;
lower-case "ae" ligature


upper-case "AE" ligature
ç

Ç
&ccedil;

&Ccedil;
&#231;

&#199;
lower-case "c" with cedilla


upper-case "C" with cedilla
é

É
&eacute;

&Eacute;
&#233;

&#201;
lower-case "e" with acute accent


upper-case "E" with acute accent
è

È
&egrave;

&Egrave;
&#232;

&#200;
lower-case "e" with grave accent


upper-case "E" with grave accent
ê

Ê
&ecirc;

&Ecirc;
&#234;

&#202;
lower-case "e" with circumflex


upper-case "E" with circumflex
ë
Ë
&euml;

&Euml;
&#235;

&#203;
lower-case "e" with diaeresis/umlaut


upper-case "E" with diaeresis/umlaut
í

Í
&iacute;

&Iacute;
&#237;

&#205;
lower-case "i" with acute accent


upper-case "I" with acute accent
ì

Ì
&igrave;

&Igrave;
&#236;

&#204;
lower-case "i" with grave accent


upper-case "I" with grave accent
î

Î
&icirc;

&Icirc;
&#238;

&#206;
lower-case "i" with circumflex


upper-case "I" with circumflex
ï
Ï
&iuml;

&Iuml;
&#239;

&#207;
lower-case "i" with diaeresis/umlaut


upper-case "I" with diaeresis/umlaut
ñ

Ñ
&ntilde;

&Ntilde;
&#241;

&#209;
lower-case "n" with tilde


upper-case "N" with tilde
ó

Ó
&oacute;

&Oacute;
&#243;

&#211;
lower-case "o" with acute accent


upper-case "O" with acute accent
ò

Ò
&ograve;

&Ograve;
&#242;

&#210;
lower-case "o" with grave accent


upper-case "O" with grave accent
ô

Ô
&ocirc;

&Ocirc;
&#244;

&#212;
lower-case "o" with circumflex


upper-case "O" with circumflex
ø

Ø
&oslash;

&Oslash;
&#248;

&#216;
lower-case "o" with slash


upper-case "O" with slash
õ

Õ
&otilde;

&Otilde;
&#245;

&#213;
lower-case "o" with tilde


upper-case "O" with tilde
ö
Ö
&ouml;

&Ouml;
&#246;

&#214;
lower-case "o" with diaeresis/umlaut


upper-case "O" with diaeresis/umlaut
ß &szlig; &#223; ess-tsett
ú

Ú
&uacute;

&Uacute;
&#250;

&#218;
lower-case "u" with acute accent


upper-case "U" with acute accent
ù

Ù
&ugrave;

&Ugrave;
&#249;

&#217;
lower-case "u" with grave accent


upper-case "U" with grave accent
û

Û
&ucirc;

&Ucirc;
&#251;

&#219;
lower-case "u" with circumflex


upper-case "U" with circumflex
ü
Ü
&uuml;

&Uuml;
&#252;

&#220;
lower-case "u" with diaeresis/umlaut


upper-case "U" with diaeresis/umlaut
ÿ &yuml; &#255; lower-case "y" with diaeresis/umlaut
´
`
&#180;

&#96;
acute accent with no letter


grave accent/reversed apostrophe with no letter
Letter like Symbols
&weierp; &#8472; script capital P = power set = Weierstrass p
&image; &#8465; blackletter capital I = imaginary part
&real; &#8476; blackletter capital R = real part symbol
Mathematical Operators
&empty; &#8709; empty set = null set = diameter
&sum; &#8721; sum sign
&minus; &#8722; minus sign
&lowast; &#8727; asterisk operator
&radic; &#8730; square root
&infin; &#8734; infinity
&cap; &#8745; intersection = cap
&sim; &#8764; tilde operator
&asymp; &#8776; almost equal to = asymptotic to
&equiv; &#8801; identical to
&le; &#8804; less-than or equal to
&ge; &#8805; greater-than or equal to




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2 comments:

  1. Very useful info for HTML programming.

    ReplyDelete
  2. Thank you very much. I have bookmarked it.

    ReplyDelete